diff --git a/documents/by-course/math-6a/course-notes/main.typ b/documents/by-course/math-6a/course-notes/main.typ index 391cc1a..2a8c1e9 100644 --- a/documents/by-course/math-6a/course-notes/main.typ +++ b/documents/by-course/math-6a/course-notes/main.typ @@ -1152,6 +1152,43 @@ $ integral.double_(x^2 + y^2 <= 1) f(x,y) dif x dif y $ +#example[ + Show both ways of setting up the integral of a function $f(x,y)$ over the region bounded by $y - x = 2$ and $y = x^2$. + + Hopefully we can visualize what this looks like, now let's solve for the + intersection points. + + $ + (x,y) = (-1,1) "or" (2,4) + $ + + In AP Calculus we know we can compute this by subtracting the functions, but + let's consider it as a double integral instead. + + We want the part of the plane that lies above the parabola, but below the + line. Let's think about this as a system of inequalities. + + $ + &y >= x^2 \ + &y - x <= 2 + $ + + First let's imagine we let $x$ be the outer integral. Solving for $y$, + + $ + x^2 <= y <= x + 2 + $ + + Hence, we get the integral + $ + integral^2_(x=-1) integral^(x+2)_(y=x^2) + $ + + If we put $y$ as the outer integral, we see that $y$ ranges from 0 to 4. + However we actually have a system of 3 inequalities. So we'll need to write a + sum of integrals and it's very annoying. +] + == Swapping the order of integration If our function is nice, then this is easy. @@ -1166,3 +1203,36 @@ Otherwise, we want to swap the order of integration. We convert the limits of integration back into inequality/region format, getting a region $cal(R)$ like discussed in the previous section. Then evaluate that integral using standard methods. + +#example[ + Evaluate the double integral + $ + integral^2_(x=0) integral^1_(y=x / 2) e^(y^2) dif y dif x + $ + + To evaluate this, note that integrating $e^(y^2)$ is hard. So let's swap the + order. Convert to region format: + $ + cal(R) = cases(0 <= x <= 2, x/2 <= y <= 1) + $ + If we graph the region being integrated on an $x y$-plane, we see a + triangular area. Solving for $x$ in terms of $y$ gives us three conditions. + In addition to $0 <= x <= 2$ we need $x <= 2y$. Since $y <= 1$ we can ignore + $x <= 2$, and the region becomes + $ + cal(R) = cases(0 <= y <= 1, 0 <= x <= 2y) + $ + Converting back into double integral gives + $ + integral_(y=0)^1 integral_(x=0)^(2y) e^(y^2) dif y dif x + $ + The inner integral is with respect to $x$ but the integrand is independent of + $x$. So the inner integral is + $ + integral^(2y)_(x=0) e^(y^2) dif x = 2y dot e^(y^2) + $ + and evaluating + $ + integral_(y=0)^1 (2y dot e^(y^2)) dif y dif x = lr(e^(y^2) |)^(y=1)_(y=0) = e - 1 + $ +]