diff --git a/documents/by-course/math-6a/course-notes/main.typ b/documents/by-course/math-6a/course-notes/main.typ index 66de73b..391cc1a 100644 --- a/documents/by-course/math-6a/course-notes/main.typ +++ b/documents/by-course/math-6a/course-notes/main.typ @@ -1106,5 +1106,63 @@ Any 3D shape can be built recursively of atomic objects. Schley what are you doing??? -== Signed area and volume += Double integrals and some fun +We consider various types of integrals. Consult +#link("https://web.evanchen.cc/textbooks/poster-ints.pdf")[this chart] to +classify them. + +Namely, we consider integrals of 0, 1, 2, and 3 dimensions, on scalar valued +function from $RR^0 -> RR$, $RR^1 -> RR$, $RR^2 -> RR$, and $RR^3 -> RR$. + +To evaluate double integrals, we need to place notable importance on the +_region_ we integrate over. + +== Integrating over rectangles + +Integrating over a rectangle is super easy. It's like partial derivatives, +where we hold every other variable constant and integrate over our desired +value. + +#example[ + Evaluate + + $ integral^6_0 integral^1_0 x y^2 dif x dif y $ + + We just crunch the numbers. + + The first integral: + $ + integral_0^1 x y^2 dif x = lr(1/2 x^2 y^2 |)_(x=0)^(x=1) = 1 / 2 y^2 + $ + The second integral: + $ + integral_0^6 1 / 2 y^2 dif y = lr(1/6 y^3 |)_(y=0)^(y=6) = 36 + $ +] + +== $x y$ integration without a rectangle + +In general most 2D regions $cal(R)$ can still be done with $x y$ integration even when they aren't rectangles. In that case, we use the notation +$ + integral.double_cal(R) f(x,y) dif x dif y := "integral of" f "over" cal(R) +$ +If the region is given by inequalities, for instance, a unit disk, we would write +$ + integral.double_(x^2 + y^2 <= 1) f(x,y) dif x dif y +$ + +== Swapping the order of integration + +If our function is nice, then this is easy. + +#theorem[Fubini's][ + If the function that defines our surface is continuous, the double integral + over a rectangle can be evaluated in either order without a change to the + integral. +] + +Otherwise, we want to swap the order of integration. We convert the limits of +integration back into inequality/region format, getting a region $cal(R)$ like +discussed in the previous section. Then evaluate that integral using standard +methods. diff --git a/documents/by-course/pstat-120a/course-notes/main.typ b/documents/by-course/pstat-120a/course-notes/main.typ index 3181015..ecaa550 100644 --- a/documents/by-course/pstat-120a/course-notes/main.typ +++ b/documents/by-course/pstat-120a/course-notes/main.typ @@ -2261,7 +2261,7 @@ They are "easy" to use for finding the distributions of: E[X^k] = mu_k, k = 1,2,... $ Then the *moment generating function* of a random variable $X$ is defined by - $M_x(t) = E[e^(t x)]$, for the real variable $t$. + $M_x (t) = E[e^(t x)]$, for the real variable $t$. ] All of the moments must be defined for the MGF to exist. The MGF looks like